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The objectives of this research were; to 1) analyze the coastal conditions of five provinces in the Upper Gulf of Thailand, they were Samut Songkhram Province, Samut Sakhon Province, Bangkok, Samut Prakan Province, and Chachoengsao Province, 2) analyze the impacts of the coastal erosion in the Upper Gulf of Thailand that affect the physical resources, ecological resources, human use values, and quality of life values, 3) analyze measures of protection and solving coastal erosion in Upper Gulf of Thailand, and 4) analyze the good practice for community management. The researcher used quantitative research methodology. The data were received from a questionnaire and in-depth interviews. The questionnaires were sent to the concerned people on protection and solving the environment problem, and to persons who received the impact of the coastal erosion. These persons included heads or representatives of five provincial offices for natural resources and environment; heads, representatives of sub-district administration or head, office of the municipality from seven government agencies for the total of seven people; thirty-five coastal community leaders; and three hundred and eighty-six household heads or representatives in the areas. In addition, the researcher had conducted in-depth interview of the head of community who had the good practice on the protection and solving coastal erosion problem. The results of the research were that the coastal conditions of the Upper Gulf of Thailand was the result of sediment deposition from sea water, and sediment from major rivers. The sediment from major rivers increased coastal sediment. Those areas became deteriorated swamps because people encroached the areas for shrimp and salt farming. As a result, the problems of coastal erosion in the areas became severe. The problems of coastal erosion affected the physical resources at high level, they affected the bio-physical resources at low level. However, those problems affected the types, the amount, and the growth of aquatic animals at moderate level. Besides, the coastal erosion affected the values of human use at low level, on the other hand, the coastal erosion affected the residential, the agricultural or the aquaculture, and the public forest areas at moderate level. In addition, the effects of the coastal erosion on the quality of human life were found at low level. However, the effects toward the community economy or toward the income of those who were in fishery, tourism business, and those who migrated to other area were found at moderate level. In terms of the protective and solving measures on coastal erosion in the Upper Gulf of Thailand, there were varieties of measures both hard and soft measures. Concerning hard measures, they were revetment dam, sand sausage, installation concrete column retaining wall, cement revetment core dam, semi-road dam and artificial coral reefs. The soft measures were installation bamboo retaining wall, and swamp afforestation. These measures were operated using the government budget. The majority of the measures used in these areas to protect the impact of the coastal erosion were the installation of bamboo retaining wall and revetment dam. However, both the installation of bamboo retaining wall and the revetment dam had some disadvantages as the bamboo was easily dilapidated and the revetment dam could be subsided. The study of the community management for coastal erosion protection and solving in the Upper Gulf of Thailand by the community with good practice, it revealed that the community of Moo 10th Sub-District Bang Kaew, Mueang District, Smut Song Khram was the community that had the best managing pratice in solving the impact of the coastal erosion by community. This community had the energetic leader, Mr. Wisut Namsiri also known as Phu Yai Daeng. Phu Yai Daeng was the leader who participated in creating and discussing with the group of people who had the same ideology or working attitude. They participated in setting plan to acquire materials or equipment used in coastal erosive protection and solution by installation bamboo retaining wall and swamp afforestation by the participation of people in the community with the supply of the varieties of plants or the repair of the dilapidated bamboo helped create fertile swamp. |
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